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Understanding the Linux boot and startup processes is important to being able to both configure Linux and to resolving startup issues. This article presents an overview of the bootup sequence using the GRUB2 bootloader and the startup sequence as performed by the systemd initialization system. In reality, there are two sequences of events that are required to boot a Linux computer and make it usable:  boot  and  startup . The  boot  sequence starts when the computer is turned on, and is completed when the kernel is initialized and systemd is launched. The  startup  process then takes over and finishes the task of getting the Linux computer into an operational state. Overall, the Linux boot and startup process is fairly simple to understand. It is comprised of the following steps which will be described in more detail in the following sections. BIOS POST Boot loader (GRUB2) Kernel initialization Start systemd, the parent of all processes. Note that this article covers GRUB2 and systemd

Linux is gaining popularity day after day and it is not a completely geek stuff anymore(since we see normal people using Linux now). Every one of us uses google alot. We use Google to find answers to most simple ones to complex questions. If you are a Linux user and uses Google a lot, there is a more geeky way to search the web, since Linux users have a way to do things differently. You can actually perform a Google search from Linux terminal. To do so, we use a utility knows as Googler. Here is how to use it. How to Install Googler The very first step you, would start with is by installing Googler. To install Googler, we have two methods.We are now installing it from source code and installation package. Since Googler is written in Python, make sure you have least Python 3.3 installed on your computer. Installing from the source code: cd /tmp git clone https://github.com/jarun/googler.git cd googler sudo make install cd auto-completion/bash/ sudo cp googler-completion.bash /etc/bash_c

Many people learn Python specifically just for hacking and  when I first started with Python and moving from Java to Python personally felt a lot comfortable. When I needed to write a script which was not available on the internet I had to choose between Perl  and Python. Because Perl is another very popular open source interpreted programming language. When you google you will know that Python is a more popular programming language in hacking world. When compared to Perl, the Python programs are definitely clearer, simpler, easier to write and hence more maintainable and understandable. If you are someone interested in tinkering with the information security tasks, Python is a  great language to learn because of the availability of the large number of reverse engineering and exploitation libraries for your use. Why Python ? Without developing some of the basic scripting skills, aspiring hacker will be condemned to realm of the script kiddie. This actually means you will be limited to

Ubuntu 17.04 Zesty Zapus Beta 1 release is finally here. If you’re interested, you can go ahead and download the ISO images of the participating flavors, which are, Lubuntu, Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Ubuntu Budgie, Ubuntu GNOME, Ubuntu Kylin, and Ubuntu Studio. Powered by Linux kernel 4.10, these releases feature the latest stable versions of their respective desktop environments. This release will be followed by the Final Beta release on March 23 and final release on April 13. Ubuntu 17.04 is scheduled to release in April. Before that, official Ubuntu derivatives (or flavors) have participated in the first beta release. As a result, Ubuntu 17.04 Zesty Zapus Beta 1 has landed and it’s available for testing. On a side note, last year in December, I wrote about the next Ubuntu release, i.e., Ubuntu 17.04, its release schedule, expected features, etc. In case you missed that, you can read it here. Also, in the upcoming days, I’ll be updating that article with more updates and new features. Coming

Rebellin Linux is a fast and lightweight Linux distro that’s developed for beginners. Its latest release, Rebellin Linux 3.5, has been released with Linux kernel 4.8. Based on Debian Sid, the ISO download of the distro are available in GNOME and MATE versions. Just last week, I published the latest list of the  best beginner-friendly Linux distros . Here, I’m going to share the news of the release of another desktop Linux distribution that’s suitable for new users who are looking for a fast and smart-looking operating system. It’s also a lightweight distro that needs just 512MB RAM to run. The  latest release of Rebellin Linux , i.e., Rebellin Linux 3.5, has been rolled out by the developers. Built on a Debian base and the previous release, the developers have called it the best Debian Sid-based operating system. Wondering what’s the basis for this claim? Well, they’re saying so because they’ve email support. Now, let’s take a look at what Rebellin Linux 3.5 has to offer: Rebellin Linu

Linux kernel 4.10’s release is just around the corner. This release comes loaded with many new features and better hardware support for Nouveau driver, Intel GTV, AMD Zen, Intel Turbo Boost Max, new ARM devices, etc. The other new features of Linux kernel 4.10 include writeback throttling, fast fail support, and faster WLAN support.  (Update:  Linux kernel 4.10 is now released.) Back in December, 2016, Linux boss Linus Torvalds rolled out  Linux kernel 4.9 . Thanks to tons of code due to Project Ara’s ‘greybus’ and AMD GPU register definition files, it was the biggest ever kernel release in terms of commits. The release also opened the Linux kernel 4.10 merge window. Kernel 4.10 is expected to be released this weekend–most probably on February 19. Having said that, I know you’re pretty excited about this release and you might be wondering about the new and best features coming to Linux kernel 4.10. So, here they are: Linux Kernel 4.10 New Features 1. Writeback throttling Writeback thro